The Link Between Cholesterol and Heart Health

Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance that is fundamental for the structure of cell membranes, hormone production (such as oestrogen and testosterone), vitamin D synthesis, and digestion.

There are two types of lipoproteins that transport cholesterol throughout the bloodstream. These are:

• Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), also known as “bad” cholesterol, which can build up on the walls of your arteries, leading to a narrowing and hardening of the arteries. This is known as atherosclerosis.
• High-density lipoprotein (HDL), also known as “good” cholesterol, helps to remove LDL cholesterol from the arteries, reducing the risk of heart disease.

Maintaining an optimal balance of these cholesterol types through lifestyle choices and medications (only if needed) is important for heart health.

The Impact of Cholesterol on Heart Health

High LDL levels contribute to atherosclerosis, where plaque builds up inside arteries. This condition narrows arteries, leading to reduced blood flow and high blood pressure, straining the heart. Plaque can also rupture, causing blood clots that block arteries and increase the risk of heart attack or stroke.

Factors Affecting Cholesterol Levels

• Diet: Consuming a diet high in saturated and trans fats such as fast food and full-fat dairy products can raise LDL cholesterol levels, whereas incorporating fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins can increase HDL cholesterol levels.
• Genetic Factors: Some people inherit genes that predispose them to high cholesterol levels, even with a healthy lifestyle. In such cases, lifestyle modifications may not be sufficient, and medication may be necessary to manage cholesterol levels effectively.
• Age: Cholesterol levels tend to rise as a person ages. This is due to changes in hormone and metabolism levels. As people get older, their bodies may become less efficient at processing cholesterol, leading to higher levels in the blood.
• Gender: Before menopause, women generally have lower total cholesterol levels than men of the same age. After menopause, women’s HDL cholesterol levels may decrease due to decreasing oestrogen levels.
• Other Medical Conditions: Some conditions such as chronic kidney diseases, HIV infection, obesity, diabetes may increase the risk of high blood cholesterol.

Managing Cholesterol Levels

To maintain healthy cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of heart disease, it’s essential to adopt a combination of lifestyle changes and, if necessary, medication prescribed by a healthcare provider. Strategies include:

• Regular exercise such as brisk walking, swimming, cycling once a week
• Adopting a heart-healthy diet by eating more fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and limit saturated fats, trans fats, and cholesterol-rich foods
• Limit alcohol consumption
• Take medications as prescribed by doctors